マツノザイセンチュウがノースカロライナ州にもすでに広がっていて、特に海岸に砂防目的で植栽した日本のクロマツに被害が著しいと記載されています。ちょうど19日（日）に日帰りでノースカロライナ州の海岸のウィルミントンという町に住んでいる空手の弟子/友人のEugene Sanchez君を訪ねる予定ですので、どれくらいクロマツが枯れているか観察してくるつもりです。最近枯れたものがあれば、材片の採取もしてきて、マツノザイセンチュウを分離・検出してみようと思っています。
Kevinさんとの出会いによって、マツノザイセンチュウの研究が予想外に面白くなってきました。
20日（月）はAMTRAKという列車でワシントンDCに行って一泊し、翌日21日（火）9時半に日本大使館を訪問してパスポートを発行してもらって、その日の午後の列車でノースカロライナに帰ってくることにしました。今日ネットで往復の切符も手配しましたが、シニアシティズン（62才以上）の割引で、片道$45.05でした。距離を考えれば、日本のJRの運賃よりずい分安い気がしました。EPAに勤務しているアメリカ人の友人の家に泊めてもらうか、どこかモーテルを探すか、今から相談して決めます。
今日もLake Johnsonに行って、1/2マイル（＝800m）ずつジョギングとウォーキングを交互にして1周（3マイル＝約5Km）してきました。昨日より5分ぐらい時間を短縮できましたが、まだまだ体が重く息もすぐ切れて、目標にはほど遠い体調です。
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
Naoki,
My pleasure. I’m very interested in your work.
You probably noticed that the paper from NC State was dated 1996 so there may be updates available. I would suggest contacting Dr. Steven Frank, Associate Professor Entomology at North Carolina State University for current information. He can be reached at: steven_frank@ncsu.edu.
The Japanese Black Pine is not planted extensively here on the Piedmont Plateau but has been used as a dune reclamation plant right up to the ocean’s edge. You should find some groupings of them along the beaches in the Wilmington area. Perhaps a little further South along the coast in Carolina Beach or Fort Fisher where a lot of dune reconstruction has occurred in the past two decades.
If you like, I will continue to send related info to you as I come across it.
Enjoy your time in Wilmington. It is a great town.
Best regards,
From: motoyama335@aol.com [mailto:motoyama335@aol.com]
Sent: Thursday, October 16, 2014 2:32 PM
To: Kevin Steed
Subject: Re: Emailing: ODIN006 - Pine Wood Nematode
Sent: Thursday, October 16, 2014 2:32 PM
To: Kevin Steed
Subject: Re: Emailing: ODIN006 - Pine Wood Nematode
Dear Kevin,
What a wonderful information you have found and forwarded to me! So, the pine wood nematode is present in North Carolina and causing the pine wilt disease. The last comment in Control section, " and the insects that spread it do not aggressively attack healthy trees, one should not become overly alarmed about pine wood nematode on healthy pines. " , may not be so in my opinion, because as I said to you earlier the beetle that transmits the nematode needs to feed soft bark or cambium of newly emerged shoot this year or shoot emerged last year in order to mature before they can mate and lay eggs. During the feeding, the nematode can get out of the beetle through the tracheae and get into the healthy pine tree and reproduce, resulting in the stoppage of secretion of resin. That in turn make the tree suitable as a host for the beetle for oviposition and the development of hatched larvae. However, the first part of comment, " this pest is thought to have been present in the United States for a very long time", indicates that most pine trees in this country have adaopted to the nematode attack and became resistant.
The comment in the General Information, " The most serious damage due to the pine wood nematode North Carolina at this time is to Japanese black pine planted along the Atlantic coast. ", is also very interesting to me. It states that Japanese black pine were planted in the coastal area and were heavily damaged by the beetle. I would like to vist the area and see the damaged trees, if you can tell me which specific part of coastal area is reffered to. Since I am going to visit a friend of mine living in Willmington, NC, on Sunday, 19, I will look for dead pine trees there and let you know if I find any.
Thank you so much for the information that made me excited.
Naoki
-----元のメッセージ-----差出人: Kevin Steed <Kevin.Steed@townofcary.org>宛先: 'motoyama335@aol.com' <motoyama335@aol.com>送信日時: 2014/10/17, 金, 0:05件名: Emailing: ODIN006 - Pine Wood Nematode
Ornamental Disease Information Note 6 R.K. Jones, Extension Plant Pathologist J.R. Baker, Extension Entomologist
[General Information] [Susceptibility of Trees] [Symptoms] [Spread] [Diagnosis] [Control]
[Back to Ornamental Disease Notes] [Other Resources] General Information
The pine wood nematode or pine wilt nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilis) has been causing widespread losses to pines in Japan since the early 1900's. This nematode was first identified in the United States in Missouri in 1979. It has now been found in numerous mid-western and eastern states including North Carolina. A survey has shown this nematode to be widely distributed over much, if not all, of North Carolina.
Older trees appear to be more susceptible than young trees. The nematode generally does not attack pines less than 5 or 6 years old. Scots pine Christmas trees, 7-10 years old are being severely damaged in the mid-western states by this nematode.
Recent surveys have found the nematode in Pinus serotina (pond pine), two species of larch, one species of spruce (Picea glauca) and two species of cedar (Cedrus deodara and C. atlantica). More research must be done to determine how damaging the nematode will be to these plants. The most serious damage due to the pine wood nematode North Carolina at this time is to Japanese black pine planted along the Atlantic coast.
Susceptibility of Trees to the Pine Wood Nematode
Symptoms
The first symptom of the pine wood nematode disease is a general wilt of the needles. As the disease progresses, a yellowing of needles appears, followed by browning and death of the entire tree. Susceptible pine species may die within 30-90 days after the first visible symptoms (longer for more resistant species). The disease can also kill individual branches in a tree. These symptoms may be easily confused with those of several bark beetles, Fomes annosus root rot, etc.
Spread
Longhorned beetles in the genus Monochamus have been shown to transmit pine wood nematodes. These beetles are known as sawyers. The southern pine sawyer, Monochamus titillator, is one of our most common sawyer. It has been observed that sawyers generally infest trees which have been recently killed or trees that are under stress. These beetles are called sawyers because the larvae make a loud chewing noise as they feed. The larvae bore into the wood and degrade the value of the wood for lumber. The larvae are long, white grubs with no noticeable legs. Adult sawyers emerge mostly in April and May, but they are active throughout the summer and even in warm spells during winter.
Diagnosis
To confirm the involvement of pine wood nematode as the cause of dying pines, it is necessary to recover them from diseased wood. This can be done in the laboratory from symptomatic branches or increment borings from the trunk. Do not allow the branches or borings to dry out or get too hot. Submit them as quickly as possible for examination. Check with your local county Extension agent for more information.
Control
The control of pine wood nematodes involves quickly removing diseased trees. The wood should be burned, buried, or debarked. Grow pine species well adapted to your area. In the long term, resistant pines should be selected. Christmas trees and nursery stock which cannot be irrigated during prolonged droughts can be protected from borers such as sawyers by spraying them with lindane.
Other Resources
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service personnel.
Recommendations of specific chemicals are based upon information on the manufacturer's label and performance in a limited number of trials. Because environmental conditions and methods of application by growers may vary widely, performance of the chemical will not always conform to the safety and pest control standards indicated by experimental data.
Recommendations for the use of chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your county North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service agent. Published by North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University at Raleigh, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating. Last update to information: March 1996 Last checked by author: May 1996 Web page last updated Dec. 2000 by A.V. Lemay. |
Naoki,
I just found this page from NC State University and thought the plant susceptibility list might be interesting.
Best regards,
